He aha ka hopena o ka nui o ka metala ma luna o ka metala?

Ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia kahi metala, he polycrystal ia i haku ʻia me nā ʻano hua he nui.Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ka nui o ka ʻai e ka helu o nā hua i loko o ka leo ʻāpana.ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka helu, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui o ka palaoa.Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka helu o nā kīʻaha ma kēlā me kēia ʻāpana kea a i ʻole ke anawaena awelika o nā ʻai no nā kumu ana.He hopena koʻikoʻi ka nui o ka palaoa o ka metala i nā waiwai he nui o ka metala.ʻO ka hopena o ka nui o ka palaoa tungsten carbide ka hopena o ka nui o ka palena o ka palaoa.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka nui o ka palaoatungsten carbide,ʻoi aku ka nui o ka palena'āina aʻoi aku ka nui o ka hopena i nā waiwai.No ka lumi wela o nā metala, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka palaoa, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka plasticity a me ka paʻakikī.ʻO kēia no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka palaoa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka deformation plastic i hiki ke hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o nā kīʻaha, no laila ʻoi aku ka nui o ka plastic
deformation, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke koʻikoʻi o loko;a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻai, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke aniani aniani, ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o nā palena o ka palaoa;ʻoi aku ka nui o nā manawa no ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā kīʻaha a me nā ʻōpala, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻolaha ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o nā māwae, ʻoi aku ka paʻa o kekahi i kekahi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī.Hōʻike ka papa ʻaina i ka hopena o ka nui o ka palaoa i nā waiwai mechanical o ka hao maʻemaʻe.Mai ka papaʻaina hiki ke ʻike ʻia e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka palaoa e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā ʻano mechanical o ka metala ma ka lumi wela ke kuleana nui, no laila, manaʻolana mau i kanā huahana tungsten carbideʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka palaoa.

Akā i ka hana wela o nā mea metala, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka palaoa a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi ʻaʻole maikaʻi.No laila, makemake pinepine e kiʻi i ka nui o ka palaoa, akā i kekahi mau manawa ke manaʻo nei he ʻoi aku ka nui o ka palaoa a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo ka hana ʻana i nā kaʻa uila a me nā mea hoʻololi he ʻāpana kila silika, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka palaoa, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka nalo lipine, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka pono.I ka pōkole, ʻo ka hopena o ka nui o ka palaoa i ka hana metala he multifaceted, i ka loiloi kikoʻī o ke kūlana kikoʻī